ENT - Ear Nose Throat- Laryngeal Cancer

What is laryngeal cancer?

Laryngeal cancer is cancerous cells found in any part of the larynx -- the glottis, the supraglottis, or the subglottis.

Laryngeal cancer occurs most often in people over age 55. It is more common in men and African-Americans. Approximately 10,000 people are diagnosed with laryngeal cancer in the US each year, and about 3,900 die of it.

What are the symptoms of laryngeal cancer?

The following are the most common symptoms for laryngeal cancer, however, individuals may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

      • a cough that lasts
      • a sore throat that lasts
      • feeling of a lump in the throat
      • trouble swallowing
      • frequent choking on food
      • pain when swallowing
      • trouble breathing
      • noisy breathing
      • ear pain that lasts
      • a lump in the neck
      • unplanned weight loss
      • bad breath

The symptoms of laryngeal cancer may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Consult a physician for a diagnosis.

What causes laryngeal cancer?

The exact cause of laryngeal cancer is not known, however, there are certain risk factors that may increase a person's chance of developing cancer.

Risk factors for laryngeal cancer:

Risk factors include:

      • tobacco use
      • alcohol abuse
      • poor nutrition
      • GERD - gastroesophageal reflux disease
      • human papillomavirus
      • weakened immune system

The Larynx

The larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is a two-inch long tube-shaped organ located in the neck at the top of the trachea (windpipe). The cartilage in front of the larynx is sometimes called the "Adam's apple."

The vocal cords (or vocal folds) are two bands of muscle that form a "V" shape inside the larynx.
The area of the larynx where the vocal cords are located is called the glottis. The area above the cords is called the supraglottis, and the area below the cords is called the subglottis. The epiglottis is a flap at the top of the trachea that closes over the larynx to protect it from food that is swallowed into the esophagus.

Breath enters the body through the nose or mouth, and then travels to the larynx, trachea, and into the lungs. It exits along the same path. Normally, no sound is made by the vocal cords during breathing or exhaling.

When a person talks, the vocal cords tighten, move closer together, and air from the lungs is forced between them. This makes them vibrate and produces sound.

Source: National Cancer Institute

How is laryngeal cancer diagnosed?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, the physician may carefully feel the neck to check for lumps, swelling, tenderness, and other changes.

Two types of laryngoscopy may be performed:

indirect laryngoscopy - a small, long-handled mirror is inserted into the throat so parts of the larynx can be examined.
direct laryngoscopy - an instrument called a laryngoscope is inserted through the nose or mouth. The scope is a lighted tube, which provides a better view of the area than the indirect laryngoscopy.

A biopsy, removal of a sample of tissue to be evaluated under a microscope by a pathologist, may also be performed.
If cancerous cells are found, imaging procedures may be used to determine the extent, or stage of the cancer.

Treatment of laryngeal cancer:

Specific treatment will be determined by the physician(s) based on:

    • patient’s age, overall health, and medical history
    • extent of the disease
    • expectations for the course of the disease
    • patient’s tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
    • patient’s opinion or preference

Treatment may include one or a combination of the following:

    • radiation therapy to kill cancerous cells or keep them from growing
    • surgery to remove the cancerous cells or tumor
    • chemotherapy to kill cancerous cells